In Earth’s upper atmosphere, the jet stream—a fast-moving band of air—reaches speeds exceeding 275 miles (442 km) per hour. However, these winds pale in comparison to others in our solar system, such as Neptune’s high-altitude winds, which blow at an incredible 1,200 miles (2,000 km) per hour.
Even these powerful winds are overshadowed by those detected on WASP-127b, a large gaseous planet located about 520 light-years from Earth in the Milky Way galaxy. Astronomers have measured jet-stream winds on WASP-127b howling at an astonishing 20,500 miles (33,000 km) per hour. The planet orbits closely around a sun-like star, showcasing wind speeds far beyond anything seen on Earth or within our solar system. For reference, a light-year is the distance light travels in one year, roughly 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion km). The supersonic jet-stream winds circling WASP-127b at its equator are the fastest of their kind on any known planet.
“There is an extremely fast circumplanetary jet wind found on the planet. The velocity of the winds is surprisingly high,” said astrophysicist Lisa Nortmann of the University of Göttingen in Germany, lead author of the study published on Tuesday in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
More than 5,800 planets beyond our solar system — called exoplanets — have been discovered. WASP-127b is a type called a “hot Jupiter,” a gas giant that orbits very close to its host star. WASP-127b’s diameter is about 30% larger than Jupiter, our solar system’s largest planet. But its mass is only about 16% that of Jupiter, making it one of the least dense — puffiest — planets ever observed.
“WASP-127b is a gas giant planet, which means that it has no rocky or solid surface beneath its atmospheric layers. Instead, below the observed atmosphere lies gas that becomes denser and more pressurized the deeper one goes into the planet,” said astrophysicist and study co-author David Cont of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany.
It orbits its star every roughly four days at just about 5% of the distance between Earth and the sun, leaving it scorched by stellar radiation. Like our moon is to Earth, one side of WASP-127b perpetually faces its star — the day side. The other side always faces away — the night side. Its atmosphere is about 2,060 degrees Fahrenheit (1,400 degrees Kelvin/1,127 degrees Celsius), with its polar regions less hot than the rest.
Like Jupiter, WASP-127b is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, but its atmosphere also contains traces of more complex molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which were identified in this research.
The fact that a hot Jupiter’s day side is highly irradiated is believed to be a major driver of atmospheric dynamics.
“Answering the question of what drives these intense winds is challenging, as several factors influence wind patterns in exoplanet atmospheres,” Cont said.
“The primary source of energy for these winds is the intense irradiation from the host star,” Cont added, but other factors also play an important role in shaping the wind patterns.
Higher atmospheric wind speeds have been detected on two other exoplanets, in winds from their day side to night side, but not in winds flowing around the entire planet.
The researchers tracked the speed of molecules in the planet’s atmosphere using an instrument called CRIRES+ on the European Southern Observatory’s Chile-based Very Large Telescope. They made the observations using the “transit” method, observing changes in the host star’s brightness when the planet passes in front of it, from the perspective of a viewer on Earth.
With improvements in instrumentation, observational techniques and data analysis, researchers are better able to understand exoplanets’ atmospheres.
“We are moving beyond inferring average properties, such as global average temperature or chemical abundances, to exploring the three-dimensional aspects of these atmospheres — for instance studying winds, temperature variations and chemical processes across different longitudes and latitudes. These results show how much remains to be discovered and how each new observation surprises this rapidly evolving field,” Cont said.
